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From: Subject: HealthDay Date: Thu, 4 Nov 2004 13:53:27 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4C275.A90907C0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2180 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C4C275.A90907C0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.healthday.com/view.cfm?id=522001 HealthDay

	About HealthDay = \| Email = Editors \| Email=20 Sales
	November 04, 2004

Printer Friendly = Format

Device Lets Monkey's = Brain Move=20 Robot Arm
Research could one = day aid=20 amputees or paralysis victims=20

By Randy Dotinga
HealthDay = Reporter

=20

TUESDAY, Oct. 26 (HealthDayNews) -- Researchers = have once=20 again successfully wired monkey brains to robot arms, = raising=20 hope that science is moving closer to finding ways to = help=20 paralyzed people control their world.

Using their brains to control their robot arms, = monkeys at=20 the University of Pittsburgh were able to easily feed=20 themselves, according to research presented Oct. 26 at = the=20 Society for Neuroscience annual convention in San = Diego.

Testing in people is already under way. "It's = pretty=20 obvious that what works well in monkeys would work = even better=20 in humans," said chief researcher Andrew Schwartz, a = professor=20 of neurobiology, because people would understand the = ultimate=20 goal.

"When you're trying to teach a monkey to work a = robot arm,=20 they don't have a concept of what's supposed to = happen," he=20 said.

Researchers have spent decades exploring the = possibilities=20 of so-called "neural prosthetics" -- artificial limbs = that are=20 controlled simply by thought, not by muscles. = Breakthroughs=20 could help people with spinal cord injuries that = prevent their=20 brains from communicating with their limbs.

Among other accomplishments, scientists have = successfully=20 developed ways for monkeys to control robot arms and = cursors=20 on a computer screen.

Researchers tap into the brain through electrodes = connected=20 to miniature sensors in the cortex, which controls=20 movement.

One major challenge is figuring out which neurons = control=20 specific actions, said Mandayam A. Srinivasan, = director of The=20 Touch Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, = who helped=20 develop a similar robot-arm device four years ago.

"When we are feeding ourselves, thousands if not = millions=20 of neurons are turned on," he said. "When you put = these=20 electrodes in the cortex, you don't know which neurons = you're=20 contacting and which ones are involved in the = task."

In the new research, Schwartz and his colleagues = developed=20 a mathematical formula that attempts to predict neuron = activity. Using the formula, a computer analyzes = activity in=20 the brain's cortex, and then tells the robot arm what = to do.=20

During tests, the arms of the monkey were = restrained so the=20 animal had to use the robot arm to grab pieces of food = like=20 bananas and cucumbers.

The monkeys didn't seem to mind the unusual eating=20 arrangement, Schwartz said. "The monkeys won't do this = task=20 unless they're really happy and comfortable doing = it."

What's next? One problem is the tiny sensors in the = brain=20 that sense what neurons are doing. Over time, the = body's=20 immune system tries to wall them off, and they can = become=20 unusable, Schwartz said.

Then, there's the matter of developing a = brain-controlled=20 device that would work in people who need to do more = than just=20 move an arm.

"Our real goal is not to just make a robot arm = move, but to=20 make it move in a natural way," Schwartz said. "Say an = amputee=20 was using this device and had a long-sleeve shirt on. = The fact=20 that he had a motorized artificial arm wouldn't be=20 noticeable."

More information

To learn more about brain-controlled devices, visit = the Christopher Reeve Paralysis = Foundation.

SOURCES: Andrew Schwartz, Ph.D., professor = of=20 neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of = Medicine;=20 Mandayam A. Srinivasan, Ph.D., director, The Touch = Lab,=20 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, = Mass.; Oct.=20 26, 2004, presentation, Society for Neuroscience = annual=20 convention, San Diego

Last Updated: Oct-26-2004=20

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